Why Do We Discriminate Against People - 1530 Words

â€Å"If we cannot now end our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity† (â€Å"Diversity†). John F. Kennedy said this for a reason, to encourage us not to discriminate against others for who they are. My question to you is why do we discriminate against people for what they have or something they can t control? Why do we think that someone with a disability is so different or incapable of doing things? I mean you weren’t told to judge people, so why would you think it s ok? We are all made to make a difference in the world so everyone should try and show it. In our world, there is a lot of diversity and we don t accept others for who they are: we need to celebrate those who can not control what disability they have or what they look like, such as people with Alzheimer s. Now we know that so many people discriminate against others and now we need to know some negative stereotypes in the world and realize that so many are very hurtful. Some negative beliefs are, â€Å"Old people can t learn new things,† â€Å"Old people are grouchy† and â€Å"Old people are absent minded.† These things are definitely negative and aren t true. Many people discriminate against others for who they truly are, just like in the video, (â€Å"Diversity in Students†). Melissa is made fun of for not being able to do math and needs help from her friends at school. And the boy is discriminated against for wearing nothing but black and they call him a weirdo. The important thing is you should beShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1169 Words   |  5 PagesMcGonigal English II 10/5/2017 Discrimination Of People in the Workplace Does Discrimination still exist in the work environment? You bet. This paper focuses on discrimination laws that help women and men, who are treated differently because of their sexuality, race, religion and gender identity. Federal and State laws forbid discrimination against race, religion, sexual orientation, sex, and gender identity even though it still happens to many people. (Employment Law Handbook. (n.d.).) DiscriminationRead MoreGood and Bad Discrimination1173 Words   |  5 PagesThis comes from people using stereotypes and being prejudice which creates detrimental situations. However, when a person discriminates it does not mean they are trying to be harmful. Discrimination is when one distinctively favors or is against certain groups, categories, people, and classes and or things that may come from them. Discrimination its self is not bad, but the things that can stem from it, are actually what makes people look at it negatively. People discriminate for many reasonsRead MoreGay Marriage Persuasive Speech Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesmarry a woman, but at the moment the government is restricting me from doing so. We live in a democratic society where we believe in equal rights don’t we? Well why don’t gay couples have the same rights as heterosexual couples? The Law is obviously old and out-dated, as the values of the community have changed since it was originally made. It discriminates against us, when we are only being ourselves. People say we are the unnatural ones, when in reality; they are the ones being unnatural, as theRead MoreNegative Effects of Racial Discrimination1683 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is the country where people immigrate to in order for them to live out their dream. The â€Å"American dream† is something that everyone believes they can accomplish, but is that really the case? America is one of the most developed and industrialized countries in the world, but w e are not perfect by any means. America was founded on opportunity, and that is why many African American’s, Middle Easterners, and Hispanics have immigrated to this country. They did not know about the discriminationRead MoreEssay on Racism and The Latino Community1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn this world we are constantly being categorized by our race and ethnicity, and for many people it’s hard to look beyond that. Even though in the past many stood up for equality and to stop racism and discrimination, it still occurs. In this nation of freedom and equality, there are still many people who believe that their race is superior to others. These beliefs are the ones that destroy our nation and affect the lives of many. The people affected are not limited by their age group, sex, socialRead MoreAfrican-American History Since 1877 Film Analysis1165 Words   |  5 Pagesshort answer/paragraph format. 1. What is the title of the film you picked? The title of the film I picked was â€Å"A Class Divided†. 2. Why did you pick this film over the others offered? The reason I picked this film was because of the message it offered. The message was brought about at a time where most people who agreed with the message were a minority. This message changed the individual’s lives that were part of the documentary. 3. What is/are the centralRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagestoday. Denying gay marriage affects gay and lesbian couples and lets people think that is acceptable to discriminate against them. Even though same-sex couples are not natural, people should be able to get married to whomever they want no matter the gender because you can’t invariably choose who you fall in love with and everyone should be equal and not discriminated against. All over the nation gays are discriminated against for many reasons, they are asked various questions such as if they canRead MoreWorld War I And The United States876 Words   |  4 Pagesprobably much larger due to working so much making them appear stronger. Why do you think people believe this argument? I think people believe this because they feel there is scientific proof. For example, in the first study I mentioned, Morton measured the size of the scull to determine brain size so his findings must be accurate and non-bias, right? Then when the intelligence test came about it made it even easier for people to believe since the results make it seem like the immigrants/non-whiteRead MoreTransgender Students Face Discrimination On A Daily Basis1373 Words   |  6 Pagestheir daily entrance, but they still have a difficult sometimes because of their gender. There are schools that discriminate and schools that do not discriminate against transgender individuals. People need to know how to treat one another when it comes to LGBT populations’ because they have feelings just like everyone else. Schools that discriminate against transgender individuals do not care how they mistreat them. This is a huge problem in the world because students that establish different gendersRead MoreThe World And Its Impact On Society1158 Words   |  5 Pagesevolved into Homo sapiens. Many of these Homo sapiens worshipped and devoted themselves to different religions. Others despised certain religions, along with the people who honoured them. These Homo sapiens are the humans that inhabit the world today, us. We are the religious ones, the ones that care about religion, and the ones that discriminate and bully through it. Let’s take a look at the world. Nothing seems to be wrong with it, but if that’s what you believe, you are either poorly informed of

Essay about Time Management and Discipline - 923 Words

THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT AND DISCIPLINE I am writing this essay due to the fact that I failed to show up on time to accountability formation at 0630 on 31July2012. I was informed the day prior of where my place of duty was and when I was suppose the be there. I knew that I had to be at troop no later than 0615 in summer IPFU for PT. I am aware that I agreed to the initial counseling that I was expected to be fifteen minutes prior to any formation. I failed the standards that were given to me by my first line. I am fully aware that time management is basic soldiering task. Failure of this basic soldiering task shows incompetence in discipline. This also shows to others in our troop that my leadership is not keeping†¦show more content†¦Before we can manage our time we must know exactly what time is. The dictionary describes it as, the duration of ones life; the hours and days which a person has at his disposal. How we dispose of that time is time management. Its the way we spend our time to organize and exec ute around our priorities. Remember just because time is intangible doesnt mean that it is not valuable. I want to teach you about the background of time management, the different styles and how to use them, and how it will change your life. â€Å"Time is a convenient concept invented to mark our days more precisely than morning, noon, and night. In ancient times it was measured with shadow sticks and sundials. Now we use clocks. Regardless of devise, time can’t be managed. It passes. That’s it.† (Pamela Dodd). How convenience for many of us would be, if instead of one day having 24 hours it would at least be 32 hours? Sometimes I think to myself 24 hours in one day are not enough to accomplish all my needs. Being in the United States Army for almost two years have taught me how to be discipline mentally and physically tough but at the same time I still can’t manage my time. Having two jobs as a civilian, full time student in college and being in a relationship with a single mother. So, when I decided to take this huge step I thought that by going thru a vigorous training, I was going to be able to have enough discipline to introduce time management into my life. It is veryShow MoreRelatedA St udy Of Teaching Classroom Discipline / Management Techniques Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesANALYSIS Background The chosen capstone to analyze was titled A Study of Teaching Classroom Discipline/Management Techniques in Five Physical Education Teacher Preparation Programs in Missouri Written by David Theodore Oatman in 1988. 1. Describe the overall purpose of the study, and the specific research questions. In some papers, these will be stated up front. In others, you may have to make inferences. At times, even when the author gives the research purpose, you may think of additional impliedRead MoreGrievance Procedure1523 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge, and working safely. It will show how management formulates a decision to issue discipline whether it is a paper discipline, to a seven (7) day suspension, a fourteen (14) day suspension and then ultimately a Notice of Removal from the company. Management must make every effort to communicate with the employee formally or informally, to get the root cause of their underlying unacceptable behavior or attendance before discipline is issued. Management has tools available to them such as, EAP forRead MoreEmployee Discipline1354 Words   |  6 PagesGlover Labor Relations- Bus 405 004016 Professor Fred Brandt Employee Discipline September 4, 2010 Strayer University-Delaware County Employee Discipline Employee discipline is one of the most commonly discussed issues in any organization, whether it is union or non-union. It is a matter that management must deal with on a day to day basis, and remain mindful of the consequencesRead MoreEffective Classroom Management Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesClassroom management is a key element to establish a successful learning environment in any classroom. An effective classroom management plan creates a positive learning environment. Classroom management is affected by the characteristics of the students and their behavior. Students’ behavior is influenced by their age, academic abilities, goals, interests, and home backgrounds (Evertson, Emmer, and Worsham, 2006). Teachers need a diverse array of classroom management skills to facilitate learningRead More Classroom Discipline and Management for the Beginning Teacher899 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom Discipline and Management for the Beginning Teacher Affective teaching from a beginning teachers view deals with a lot of different concerns. â€Å"Beginning teachers deal with room discipline, motivating students, accommodating differences among students, evaluating students work, dealing with parents as the most serious challenges, and classroom management or maintaining classroom discipline† (Education, 2001, p.8). All these are main parts of what beginning teachers have concerns aboutRead MoreClassroom Management And The Classroom1455 Words   |  6 PagesClassroom management refers to methods applied by an educator to ensure that students remain organized, attentive, and focused throughout a class in a productive way. Student’s discipline has for a long time been considered as the ultimate measure of a well-managed class which is false since classroom management is dependent on a compound of factors as opposed to a single factor (Cangelosi, 2014). Given that students and teachers spend a considerable amount of ti me in the classroom, it’s essentialRead MoreMy Personal Classroom Management Philosophy1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthat one wants to be. A classroom philosophy dictates everything from discipline to the way one presents information. It is the driving force in a teacher’s classroom and is often times directly related as to why that teacher wants to teach. Due to its importance, it is critical to examine a multitude of different philosophies before crafting one’s own. After a semester of examining a variety of different classroom management philosophies, I personally have development my own philosophy as to howRead MoreResearch On It Project Management Assessment942 Words   |  4 PagesIT Project Management Assessment Introduction: Project Management is a way to manage, maintain and to monitor the progress of a project. Project Manager is responsible for appropriate management; it is their duty to organize, plan, implement and deliver necessities with in time. Project Management deals with the rules, regulations, procedures and disciplines with respect to a particular project. In the world of today, several organizations are using the applications of project management because itRead MoreEthical Issues and Management1098 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Issues and Management Student’s name Date XMGT/216 Teacher’s name â€Å"Managers perform a crucial role in organizations because they interpret company policy, execute corporate directives, fulfill all of the people management needs in their particular area of responsibility, cascade senior management messages down the chain of command, and communicate employee feedback up the chain. They are probably the most important ingredient in an organization’s success and they are frequently theRead MoreThe New Rules Of A Project Manager Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant decision concerning the project. He mentioned the project manager should have credibility and sensitivity. However, in other books mentioned that PM not only should have credibility and sensitivity but also vision, courage, integrity, and discipline Visioner John P. Kotter described a project without vision is a region that is unknown which is a stretch of unmapped future. In his book The New Rules: How to Succeed in Today s Post Corporate World, he mentioned that the main destruction

The Bridge at Dong Ha Free Essays

The book The Bridge at Dong Ha written by John Miller is a narrative description of the story of how a bridge on Cua Viet river separating north and South Vietnam was destroyed by a brave American marine captain named Ripley in 1972 in US Vietnam war. The destruction delayed the movement of Vietnamese forces from the north to the south by three long years. The book narrates this adventurous event in a gripping and wonderful language. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bridge at Dong Ha or any similar topic only for you Order Now The presentation and the language of the book have made it very attractive to the readers. The Bridge at Dong Ha 3 The Bridge at Dong Ha by John Miller The book The Bridge at Dong Ha written by John Miller is the story of a genuine marine war hero of America’s war history. It also displays the dedication to duty of a person. The backdrop of the story is US Vietnamese war. There was a strong heavy bridge built by the US army several years back on the Cua Viet River in Vietnam. The bridge used to separate North Vietnam from South Vietnam. America was loosing out in the US Vietnam war and a large army of Vietnamese forces were approaching from the north to take over the south. The book The Bridge at Dong Ha has described how an officer from US marine forces named Captain Ripley destroyed this bridge with tremendous courage and aggression on Easter Sunday, 1972. It is to be noted that the destruction of this bridge that delayed the advancement of the Vietnamese army towards the south for three long years. The book has given the detailed description of his courage and it is really fascinating to go through the book. The book is an excellent narration of the events of how a single man, with his tremendous courage and dedication towards his nation destroyed the bridge and stopped the aggression of the enemy force comprising of 30,000 soldiers and 200 tanks. All these are available in the website http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X. Every action of the event has been described in detail in the book. To quote from the website http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X, â€Å"Capt Ripley climbs over barbed wire fences, swings across the under girding of the bridge, and fights this battle from street to foxhole around the little The Bridge at Dong Ha 4 town of Dong Ha (just a few miles from the DMZ). The writing is wonderful and gripping, putting you face-to-face with the action as it unfolds hour by hour. † While describing the heroism of Captain Ripley, the author has stated how he hand walked on the beams under the bridge, holding detonators with his teeth and brought back the burning fuses back to shore. He did all the risky jobs by himself and saved the life of his fellow soldiers from sure death. This heroic act earned him a Navy Cross in 1962. All these have been stated in the website http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X The toughest part of the entire operation is that when Captain Ripley was in the process of detonating the bridge, continuous light machines firing was going on from the northern side of the bridge from the Vietnamese troops. Under such heavy firing, Captain Ripley completed the entire operation, risking his whole life and safeguarding the life of his other comrades. All these have been mentioned in the above mentioned website. The description not only shows his courage, but also displays his level of intelligence as he took the decision of destroying the bridge against the command from his superior officers. To quote from the above mentioned website, http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X, â€Å"Ripley’s gallant effort was especially courageous since he was acting against a command suggestion to hold the bridge for a counterattack that could not have been mounted, and South Vietnamese troops were in disarray and fleeing to the South all around the The Bridge at Dong Ha 5 Vietnamese unit he advised. Miller’s narration of this small action tends more toward the sensational than the historical. † Though some people say that the book opened in a relatively slow note, but actually the stage was being set for a drama and all the main characters involved were introduced one by one. They include ARVN Major Le Ba Birth; his bodyguard Three Finger Jack, US Army major Jim Smock; and Birth’s advisor, Ripley – the hero of the event and also the book. It has been mentioned in the above named website that Ripley was a product of American marine, Airborne, Ranger and Seal training with some added polish from British Royal Marine. The emotional side of Captain Ripley has also been nicely described by the author in the book. There was a time when he charged into the middle of a mortar fire to save the life of a little young girl. The humanity side is also displayed while narrating the events related to the behavior of the radioman, the commander of South Vietnam unit and the commander’s bodyguard. Dedication of Vietnamese men towards their nation has also been described in the book. This seemed to be a very balanced approach. Another part that needs appreciation is that the author John Miller interviewed in detail Captain Ripley about the entire event while penning down the history. It has been stated in the above mentioned website that many minor incidents of the operation has been so vividly described that many civilians may not understand or feel the reason behind those actions, but only marine people can feel and judge them. Due to these factors, the reading of the book is not only fascinating, but I feel it can be described more of an adventure history type. It seemed as if an historical The Bridge at Dong Ha 6 event is presented and written in the language of adventure. This factor has made the reading of the book attractive to the readers. This can be understood from the comments by a reader in one of the reviews posted in the website http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X. To quote from that review, â€Å"It is difficult for a reader to appreciate this without almost an engineering drawing of the undersides of the bridge. I would have loved to see drawings showing the design of the bridge, with little arrows and annotations, ‘pulled xx pounds of explosives across this girder’†. Frankly speaking, I do not consider the above quote from the reader a criticism of the book. I feel that the reader has become so involved with the drama that he is expecting a Stallone or Jacky Chan type of Hollywood thriller while reading the book. The writing of the book is so thrilling and gripping. It seemed that he is watching a movie version of the book. A diagrammatic presentation of the event would satisfy that expectation. But obviously that is not done. I have never seen any thriller novel, where the story has been described in the form of a diagram. I really appreciate the initiative taken by the author in penning down the heroic act of Captain Ripley so that the message of his heroism can be known by the future generations. Only a narrative description would have made reading of the book quite boring and history type. His blending of adventure and history has really made the book attractive for reading to the masses. In all the reviews, I found that readers have openly stated that they like the dramatic presentation of this 186 pages book a lot. It seemed that the author really understands the pulse of the readers. The Bridge at Dong Ha 7 Reference List 1) Customer reviews on November 10 2002, December 27 1999, August 12 2006 and also Editorial reviews: Retrieved 12th March, 2009 from http://www. amazon. com/Bridge-Dong-Ha-Bluejacket-Books/dp/155750587X How to cite The Bridge at Dong Ha, Papers

Criminal Procedure Consequence of Common Law

Question: Discuss about theCriminal Procedure for Consequence of Common Law. Answer: Introduction: In this assignment a case is described where an offense is identified. A person has murdered someone and he did that offense when he was affected. This person is not only a murderer but also a drug addicted criminal. Previously, he had many criminal records and he went to prison many times. In this case, as the person was drunk, so it did not take much time to identify his crime by the police inspector. This assignment discusses how a murder can be convicted under Code of Criminal procedure (CPC), 1973[1]. As per this act, the criminals should be convicted under Criminal procedure act of Australia in the consequence of common law. Body In this case, there is a victim and slaughterer. The slaughterer is a criminal who has killed the victim (Kevin Nguyen) in a very in humanistic manner. After the establishment of autopsy report of Kevin Nguyen, it was found that, Nguyen was stabbed five times in his chest and when he used his arms for defence the murderer stabbed his hands and arms also. As the knife pierced the heart of the victim (Nguyen), so he died. By the broken nose and black eye of Nguyen, it can be identified that, Sutton brutally murdered Nguyen after hitting him with punch for several times. When the police did investigation of the body, he found a man in Hyde Park whose shoes were stained with blood. This gave the police idea that man may be the murderer of Kevin. He was Sutton. He did not answer the question of the police properly but when the police warned them that they will do investigation in his house, and then he revealed the truth that he has killed Kevin because Kelvin has stolen Suttons drugs. All the proof described that Sutton is the murderer but twist came in a part when Sutton said that, he has not stabbed or used any knife to kill Kevin. There are some eye witness who saw the fighting of Kevin and Sutton; they are Jack and Stretch, two homeless alcoholic. Stretch said that, when the fight was going on, there was no knife in the hand of Sutton. So it cannot be clearly said that he is guilty. In this case the police should properly investigate about the case with the help of Criminal procedure act of section 99[2]. As per this act legal investigation is done by collecting evidence and by finding out the real murderer. Committal proceedings should be done to find out the accused person and apply divisions on the case to punish the guilty person[3]. The police have recorded the words of Sutton, when he was revealing the truth. As per section 289D of Criminal act, the recording which was done by the police should be presented to court but problem arises because the interview was taken when Sutton was in drunken condition. So, the police have not got the total evidence against him and for that reason he cannot be proved as accused, even there are some witness Jacko and Stretch who told that Sutton has only fought with Kevin but not killed him; he had no knife in his hand when the fight was going on. So it can be clearly understood that the culprit is someone else who murdered Kevin. As Sutton is not responsible for the death of Kevin, so he can for something to defence his case. Firstly it is necessary that, he should take help of a criminal defence lawyer who can help him to win the case. A criminal defence will first do an appeal to the court, so that he can get more time to find out the actual accuser. The offender appeal against the conviction of Sutton should be done to Director of public prosecution (DPP) and if the appeal is rejected from the court, then the civil defence can appeal the case to high court of Australia[4]. For the appeal hearing evidence is needed to be given by the lawyer in Victim Impact Statement where the lawyer can use Jacko and Stretch the two witnesses who knows that Sutton only had fight with Kevin and he did not killed him. After that, legal and technical discussions can be done where the court decides, whether the appeal should be given or not with appeal hearings. It is the right of the offender, to appeal against the conviction or guilty verdict. The hearings take place in the Court of appeal. Two things can happen if the lawyer appeals for the conviction of Sutton. Whether the appeal can be dismissed or the appeal can be allowed for Sutton by the justice from the court. It is very important that Witness Assistance Service (WAS) should be used and witnessed are brought to court who can talk on favour of Sutton to save him from the allegation which he has not done. There are some ways by which the criminal defence lawyer can fight for the case of Sutton. As per Australian law, if a person has really murdered someone and it is proved then he will be sentenced to life time imprisonment under Criminal act, 1900 of NSW state law for a 20 or 25 years non-parole period. But if he has not murdered anyone but still he is imprisoned, then the defence lawyer can defence under section 23 of Criminal Act 1900. Under this remedy the lawyer can save Sutton but he has to find appropriate proofs to save him and he also has to find the real culprit who has killed Kevin. It is mandatory to be proved that the electronic recorded proof against Sutton was wrong because he stated wrong answers in fear and at that time he was in drunken and drug addiction, so his words cannot be trust. It can be said that he has stolen the blood engrossed shoes of Kevin while fighting was going on but he has not killed him because the knife was not present with him. Not only that, bu t the knife is missing with which the murder was done. So the criminal defence can charge the civil lawyer or his client to find the knife first with which the murder was done, then with the finger print it will be proved that who has murdered Kevin. Even the criminal defence lawyer should also find out the clue by talking with the friends and relatives of Kelvin and he need to find out who were the friends and enemies of Kevin. As Kelvin was addicted with drugs, so it is assured that his friends environment is not good, so any of his friends, enemy or a person related to him can kill him. As Sutton is wrongly imprisoned, so it is very important that guilty confinement procedure should be adopted by the defence lawyer and on the basis of that procedure, extra time should be appealed from the court for Sutton. When the lawyer tried to find witness, Stretch said Jacko had died because of overdose of drugs, but Stretch gave witness that when the murder took place, at that time Sutton w as with Stretch, drinking at the end of the park. A fighting took place between them but after the fight also, Kevin was alive, so it is very necessary to collect the evidence and the witness and presented to court by the defence lawyer, to prove Sutton innocent. In the case of Sutton, the lawyer can also do presumption of innocence[5]. It is the legal duty of the lawyer to find out the proof with criminal trial. Under article 11 of Human right act, in the principle of common law, it is the right of Sutton, that he get chance to prove his innocence[6]. So as the case of Sutton is complicated and no result and declaration of the case is easily available, so the defence lawyer needs time to find out the actual culprit. From the case, it can be clearly identified, that the actual culprit is very clever who has not kept any proof against him; even the knife with which the murder took place was also hidden by him. So it was hard for the lawyer to find out the actual person who has convic ted the crime[7]. Various legal procedures are needed to be applied and as per Bail act 2013 of NSW under section 23, Sutton can be executed from imprisonment for some times and during that time the defence lawyer has to find out the actual culprit who is responsible for the death of Kevin. If the actual culprit is find out then, Sutton will be escaped from imprisonment nave the allegation and the actual culprit will be either sentenced death for misrepresenting law or he can be imprisoned for life time till death of 2 years imprisonment under Criminal act 1900 under section 3[8]. All the process of investigation should be done by the defence lawyer by hiring an investigator who can investigate about the case properly following the Criminal procedure code. In the appeal of conviction, under section 118 notices can be given in appeal and on the code of section 668D (1) (b) the judge trial notice can be given and under section 74 the convicted person can be saved by the defence lawyer[9]. The obligation may arouse because some evidence are against Sutton, such as the blood stained shoe, the place where he was present, the reveal of his own crime etc. It is hard to prove that he is innocent but as per section l72 (2) the defence lawyer of Sutton has to right to get some time and fight against the conviction under which allegation is given to him and if the right culprit is identified then Sutton can Save himself from the allegation[10]. It is the prior responsibility of the defence lawyer to investigate and find out the main culprit[11]. By this way Sutton can appeal conviction and there is chance to prove him innocent. Conclusion This case can be solved under this acts and sections which the defence lawyers can use and if the proper justification of the case is done then Sutton can be saved from the wrong allegation which is given on Sutton. The witness, evidence and various other procedures can help the defence lawyer to find out the real culprit and save Sutton. By this way the real culprit or murderer of Kevin can be identified by the criminal defence lawyer and this can help him to get away from the wrong allegation and rescued. Bibliography Arenson, Kenneth J et al,Australian Criminal Laws In The Common Law Jurisdictions(Oxford University Press, 2011) "Australia: Criminal Procedure" (2009) 35Commonwealth Law Bulletin Downing, Jerry N,Between Conviction And Uncertainty(State University of New York Press, 2000) Findlay, Mark, Stephen Odgers and Stanley Meng Heong Yeo,Australian Criminal Justice(Oxford University Press, 2005) Jefferson, Michael,Criminal Law(Pearson Longman, 2007) Marat, Allan,Review Of Committal Proceedings(Constitutional Law Reform Commission, 2007) McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk and Olivia Swaak-Goldman,Substantive And Procedural Aspects Of International Criminal Law(Martinus Nijhoff, 2000) Siegel, Larry J and Joseph J Senna,Essentials Of Criminal Justice(Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009) The Human Rights And Conditions Of The People Of East Timor, September 1983(Australian Government Pub. Service, 2001) Wells, Celia,Corporations And Criminal Responsibility(OUP Oxford, 2001)

Academic Paper Written for Any Student

Academic Paper Written for Any Student Academic Paper Help From Professionals The end of term is approaching and you are stuck with numerous writing assignments. You are willing to deal with all of them, but there is not enough time. You are not a robot who can work all day and all night long week after week. You want to enjoy every single moment of youth, spend some time with family or friends, go to the movies, hang out, or relish the chance to travel around the country, etc. But you are stuck with an academic paper. What can you do? You can place an order for academic papers on . Our company is well-known for high quality writing services. Professional writers help students from all over the world and are ready to give you a hand. You can order papers in various academic disciplines, including: Math; Physics; Biology; Chemistry; English Grammar; Literature; History; Politics; Philosophy; Law; Economics, etc. We have professional writers in all these subjects and even more. In order to have an academic paper done, all our clients are required to place an order online, providing all details on assignment. It is important to mention an exact topic, a number of pages, and deadline when to finish academic essay. Our manager will pick the most suitable writer for you who will be capable to deal with an assignment. Teachers expect to see your academic paper with profound ideas. This means that thorough research should be conducted. It’s high time to ask a professional writer for help and support. Be sure to get the best service as we work only with experienced writers who hold a Master’s degree or a PhD in a respective subject. They are skillful and have perfect language command to write academic papers in the stated time frames. All writers are native speakers from the USA whose knowledge of the English language had been tested prior they were offered a job. Place an order now and have it delivered before deadline. We guarantee high quality services and reasonable prices. Save Time and Let Professionals Deal With Tasks Academic papers usually take a lot of time, as you have to spend hours surfing the Internet or searching for the right book at a library. But it is impossible when you have loads of other tasks and projects, a part-time job, etc. It order to deal with everything on time and have excellent grades in all subjects you should set a list of priorities and decide what assignments can be done for you. You can get academic paper help from our professional writers. They can deal with the following types of tasks: essay writing; research paper; creative writing; book/movie review; thesis; dissertation; term paper; course paper, etc. We also provide reviews and can edit your essay in case you have some doubts. Place an order for academic essay on our website. It is required to provide detailed information on the paper. Our writers should know the topic, the exact number of pages and sources that should be used. Apart from this, don’t forget to indicate the deadline. What is more, every customer can attach additional materials that might be used to conduct thorough and profound research. The more details we have, the quicker our writers write academic papers. Speaking of confidentiality, we guarantee that all personal information stays within our company. doesn’t pass any information to third parties and takes care of customer’s comfort. Get extra help and impress everyone with your work. Believe us, you will not be left unnoticed, and teachers will be quite impressed. Thus, you will gain respect and the status of an A student in all subjects. Once you decide to use our services and become our regular customer, you will get a discount and enjoy some other perks. Take a chance and do not waste time on useless things. Life is not about swatting but fighting for your projects and fulfillment of your dreams. We are ready to do the work for you for reasonable prices. Ask us for help and you will get the best service possible.

59 Essays - Creative Works, Literature, Novels, Free Essays

59 Essays - Creative Works, Literature, Novels, Free Essays Huckleberry Finn: Controversy Paper Huckleberry Finn: Controversy Paper Huckleberry Finn sets each reader back in a time when we as humans where inhuman. All the faults of the world was just beginning to show through and some of the right was being shifted to the side. Just as in Huck Finn, we are reminded of the race relations that we all still face. Mark Twain does his best to show the reader the love for one another and the as people and the compassion we all have hidden inside of us. Ralph Ellison said, "The Negro looks at the white man and finds it difficult to believe that the "grays"-a Negro term for white people- can be so absurdly self-deluded over the true interrelatedness of blackness and whiteness". What are we too think of when we hear this? In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain brings out the obvious interrelatedness that we all share with each other. This book is in the hands of many intelligent readers and it should not be underestimated by the power that it may hold. Although, it must hold to its meaning, we can not allow it to steer us to the wrong's of the world today. Shelly Fishkin suggests Mark Twain has "obscured" the African American roots when writing Huck Finn. Jim, as suggested by Fishkin, has been plagued with a dialect that should not be represented by the African American race during that time. The question is raised by Fishkin as to if Huck Finn was black? This in turn would take away from the whole basic outcome of the moral lesson that we are all so desperately wanting to hear about. I found it almost appalling to see how one author could so easily turn the goodness of a young white boy and basically call it a lie in the eyes of Mark Twain. It is up to us as the reader to close our eyes and open our minds to the whole heartedness of a man kind. English

Review the Files for Three Scenarios and Advise the Crown Prosecutor Essay

Review the Files for Three Scenarios and Advise the Crown Prosecutor Supervising Your Training - Essay Example Notably, this has significant impacts on his credibility and would greatly influence any decision for prosecution. In this scenario, it is also worth noting that the suspect’s divorce case has direct implications on his attitude towards the case. This should be put in consideration because to a great extent, it could have probably influenced the decision that he made with respect to committing the crime. Also worth mentioning is the fact that the suspect had been drinking. In this regard, alcohol and relative drinks have negative implications on the decision making capacity of an individual. Influence of alcohol undermines objective decision making and can make an individual to indulge in activities without understanding the implications for this. The suspect’s decision to settle the case out of court also has direct impacts on decision making in this respect. This implies that he has already assumed criminal responsibility and understands the legal implications of his actions. On the level of public interest, there are various factors that need to be considered and analyzed accordingly. Legal provisions at this point assert that although out of court settlements have been made, factors pertaining to the criminal record of the offender as well as the seriousness of the offence can inform prosecution. According to research, there are certain facts whose presence in the scenario increases the likelihood of the suspect being convicted (Howell, 2011, p. 51). As aforementioned, the suspect has committed the same offence for the second time. The previous offence regarding smashing of an office window had similar facts as this one. Seemingly, it also occurred after an argument with the contractor and involved smashing of a glass window using a stone. Although he has already footed the current damages, this trend implies that he is likely to repeat the crime in future. Put differently, the criminal behavior of Nathan is likely to be repeated in future. Th e sentence for the offence is three months imprisonment and or a level 4 fine. Notably, this sentence is not significant as compared to the sentences of other criminal offences such as assault. However, this offence involved a threat of violence. Presumably, the suspect could have used the stone to cause more harm to the victim, her children or the victim’s property. Further, the fact that this offence was committed in the close proximity of two children increases its likelihood for prosecution. From a legal standpoint, children are protected by the law and committing an offence within their proximity should be avoided at all costs. Conversely, there are factors whose presence in the scenario reduces likelihood for conviction. To begin with, Nathan has exhibited compliance with regard to out of court settlement. He has already affirmed that he indeed committed an offence and has taken practical steps to pay for the relative damages. Basing on the preceding analysis, Nathan sh ould be prosecuted for the criminal offence. He has committed an offence with similar facts for the second time, did this in the proximity of the children and was under the influence of alcohol. Arguably, he exhibits a significant level of irresponsible behaviour and basing on his criminal record, he is likely to r

Methods And Toolbox For Historical Studies Essay

Methods And Toolbox For Historical Studies - Essay Example Non-written sources contain articles like maps, artifacts, genetic and statistical data. (Williams, 56) The social significance of a historical inquiry rests on configuring the future based on past ideas, and events. Further, Historians are found to make the continuous revision on describing the past events in the light of contemporary ideas. (Williams, 114) In the light of the above context, it is found that history  is more popular and accepted when it is more relevant to the society and presented from a neutral point of view. The historical documentation is a process, which takes into account primary and secondary sources. In regards to the treatment given to the Jews at the time of the Second World War, both Primary and Secondary sources are mentioned. In the case of Primary sources, the Wannsee Protocol written by Adolf Eichmann in 1942 states that Jews were utilized for the purpose of labor in a quest for allocating the huge numbers. It further states that the protocol hinted at subjecting the Jews to heavy human labor like the building of roads. It aimed at a reduction in the numbers owing to the natural effect of inhuman labor. Eichmann further states that the Jews who would succumb to the heavy workloads and inhuman treatment will be granted â€Å"suitable treatment†. To this end, the secondary source a book written by Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying History argues on the second point presented by Eichmann. They argue stating that the Jews were deported to the East for subjecting th em to inhuman labor. They further state that Eichmann’s statement of â€Å"suitable treatment† certainly signifies assassination of the Jews. They argue stating that Jews who would succumb to the inhuman labor and given â€Å"suitable treatment† justly signifies a chance of Jewish survival and revival.

Quantum and Thermochemical Structure lap report Assignment

Quantum and Thermochemical Structure lap report - Assignment Example Because of the difficulty of maintaining clean metal surfaces under vacuum, quantitative measurements of the photoelectric effect could not be made for many decades. However, as technology improved, it became evident that the energy of ejected electrons was not related to the intensity of the light waves used, and also that below a certain light frequency - for a given material - no electrons at all could be ejected. Eventually it became possible to determine the relationship between the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons and the frequency of light used to eject them, and this was one of the major factors leading to the development of the quantum model. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons (E) can be measured by determining the voltage required to just stop the ejection of electrons (V) and multiplying this by the charge on an electron (e). Equation 1: V (J C–1) x e (1.602 x 10–19 C) = E (J) Experimentally, the dependence of E on frequency turned out to be: Equatio n 2: E (J) + k1 (J) = k2 (Js) x ? (s–1) Where k1 was different for every metal and k2 was exactly the same for every metal. What’s more, k2 was exactly the same as a ‘fudge factor’ that had been introduced into a theory developed a few years earlier to explain a completely different phenomenon. In this experiment you will carry out solo measurements to determine k1 and k2. Unlike early 20th century researchers, you will not need to spend several years constructing your apparatus from scratch, but will use a demonstration apparatus designed to measure the stopping voltage of electrons ejected from Cs3Sb in a vacuum. Experimental: The EP-05 photoelectric effect apparatus was used to measure the stopping voltage of light at 8 different wavelengths. A modified spectrometer was used t o provide UV-visible light. The wavelengths tested were 400 nm, 425 nm, 450 nm, 475 nm, 500 nm, 525 nm, 550 nm, and 575 nm. The photoelectric apparatus was set up such that the ap erture in front of the photodiode was positioned near the light source. The dials with labels â€Å"zero† and â€Å"voltage† was set to minimum before the shutter was closed. The plotting was initiated using the Lab View window. The voltage dial was set to maximum while the other dial was turned until nanoampere readings reached zero. The voltage dial was set back to minimum before the shutter was opened to increase the nanoampere reading to 10. The voltage dial was maximized once again to recheck that the â€Å"zero† dial was adjusted properly. Once everything was set, the stopping voltage was minimized and the plotting of nanoamperes versus stopping voltage was reset and started at the Lab View window. The output current in nanoamperes were determined by slowly turning the voltage dial. The measured current was recorded and then plotted according to its stopping voltage reading. The measurement is ended when the critical value for stopping voltage where there is minimal change in nanoamperes with respect to voltage is achieved. The whole procedure was done for each of the 8 chosen wavelengths. Results: The experiment was done properly and all the needed data were acquired. The numerical values obtained from the use of the apparatus can be found at the attached document. The plot of the graph and the summary of the derived values are the following: Figure1. Compiled plots for output current versus stopping

Uses of Religion in Advertising

Uses of Religion in Advertising The way the message is presented, both pictorially and verbally, has a significant effect on the processing of the advertisement. However, it is acknowledged that attitude depend not only on the physical stimuli but also on the stimulis relation to the surrounding field and a whole range of factors within the individual, including the cultural background, experience, personality/cognitive style, values, expectations, and the context in which something is perceived (De Mooij, 2009; Usunier Lee, 2005). Due to this, its widely agreed that when an audience encounters an advertisement, the reaction to it depends on the meaning they assign to it, which in turn depends on characteristics of both the advertisement and the members of the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). Advertisers need to understand their audience before encoding messages so that they are credible and generate positive responses. Otherwise the perception may be negative, disbelief or rejection. To ensure that a stimulus produces favorable response, advertisers have to analyze where attitudes stem from and what influences attitude. Positive attitude could result in positive response to a particular advertising stimulus and positive attitude toward the advertisement. This positive attitude could influence purchase intentions (Severn et al., 1990) and even lead to the audiences brand choice without examination of beliefs on specific attributes, because it allows for the retrieval of an overall evaluation with minimal processing (Dotson and Hyatt, 2000). Evidence suggests that advertisements are processed subjectively by individuals, on the basis of the group membership (Leach Liu, 1998). Cultural groups differ in their values, attitudes and prejudices they possess, and thus each group will read the advertisement distinctly and develop its own shared reactions, interpretations and meanings of the advertisement (Leach Liu, 1998). In a cognitively diverse world, a message that is sent is not necessarily the message that is received. Advertising could be more effective when it provides information and uses language that is consistent with the preferences of the audience, because customized advertisements may be more successful than generic one-size-fits-all (LaBarbera, 1998). Values guide and determine attitudes and behavior, which are the core of culture. Advertising reflects and influences cultural values. Therefore, advertising appeals that depict value orientations consistent with the intended audience is likely to be more persuasive than advertisements that depict inconsistent value (Leach Liu, 1998), a fact that advertisers should take into account when creating their messages. Advertisers use cues, such as culturally similar actors, shared cultural symbols and preferred language to produce the intended meaning, in the hope that the cues will be decoded by the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). In the following sections the role of religion, as a factor that influences both the advertisement execution and attitude formation will be reviewed. Religion and Advertising Religion as an institution significantly influence on peoples attitudes, values and behaviors (Arnould, Price, Zikhan, 2004) at both the individual and societal levels. According to Peterson and Roy (1985), religion provides a source of meaning and purpose for people; it makes life understandable and interpretable. Religion fosters established practices and provides a series of tools and techniques for social behavior (Hawkins et al.,1980; Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991) therefore, religion and its associated values and practices often play a pivotal role in influencing peoples everyday life. This role is activated and executed through rituals and symbols. Rituals and symbols are focal elements in transferring religious courses and meanings to people which consequently shapes their values, beliefs, and behaviors. Religious self-identity, formed as a result of the internalization of the role expectations offered by the religion, suggests the potential influence of religiosity on ones beha vior and consequently what is considered right or wrong in that perspective (Vitell et. al, 2005). Moral values of right and wrong define what is allowed and forbidden for marketing and consumption and how this marketing strategy should take place. Hirschman (1983) points out that religious denominational affiliation may be viewed as cognitive systems. A cognitive system is a set of beliefs, values, expectations and behaviors that are shared by members of a group (Berger, 1961; Gurvitch, 1971; Merton, 1937). This perspective suggests that members of a particular religion may possess common cognitive systems, which may influence that groups behaviour (Hirschman, 1983). In a series of studies, Hirschman (1981, 1982, 1983) found that religious affiliation had an influence on novelty seeking, information search and a number of consumption processes such as choice of entertainment, transportation and family pets. Hirschman (1983) concluded that few other variables have exhibited the range and depth of explanatory power offered by religious affiliation (Esso Dibb, 2004). Even though attitudes and behaviors are directly influenced by at least religion-rooted aspects of culture, religions impact on consumption-related behaviour have been only very modestly studied in the marketing literature (Mokhlis, 2009). According to Hirschman (1983) there are three possible reasons for this shortfall. The first reason for the slow development of literature in this area is the possibility that consumer researchers are unaware of the possible links between religion and consumption patterns. The second reason is a perceived prejudice against religion within the research community; once being a taboo subject and too sensitive to be submitted for investigation (i.e. the potential for inadvertent offence and the legal protection afforded freedom of religion). Finally, she claims that religion is everywhere in our life and therefore may have been overlooked by researchers as an obvious variable for investigation in the field. Although Hirschman made this assertion some y ears ago, it is still true today. To date, few studies have investigated religion as a predictor of attitudes toward advertisement. Existing studies on advertising and religion mainly examined the influence of religion on attitude toward advertising of controversial products (De Run, Butt, Fam, Jong, 2010; Fam Grohs, 2007; Fam Waller, 2003; Fam, Waller, Erdogan, 2004; Michell Al-Mossawi, 1995). However, a review of the pertinent literature showed that most of these studies observed this influence from the point of marketing communications. Examining whether religion and intensity of religious belief has an effect on the attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products, Fam, et al. (2004) found a significant difference between the four controversial product groups (gender/sex related products, social/political groups, health and care products, and addictive products) and the four religious groups (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and non-religious believers). Their results revealed that Muslims found the advertising of gender/sex related products, social/political groups, and health and care products most offensive relative to the other three religions. In addition, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the less devout followers (Fam, et al., 2004). Second area of research in the field of advertising and religion has primarily focused on the presence of religious values in advertisements(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000; Kalliny, 2008). For example, in a cross cultural content analysis of magazine advertisements in the U.S. and Arab countries, Al-Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in Arab advertisements women tended to be portrayed in advertisements in which their presence was related to the advertised product. This was indicated to be in compliance with accepted Muslim religious tenants (Henley Jr, Philhours, Ranganathan, Bush, 2009). In another research to investigate the impact of religious differences on advertising execution in Arab world Kalliny (2008) found that there were major differences among the Arab countries where Egypt and Lebanon were found to depict women who are dressed less modestly than Saudi Arabia and U.A.E. Developing alongside the literature focusing on the two above-mentioned of the research area is another cluster of studies that explores the consumers reactions to ads containing religious cues or symbols (Dotson Hyatt, 2000; Henley Jr, et al., 2009; Lumpkins, 2007; Taylor, Halstead, Haynes, 2010). These studies tried to shed the light on the advertisement processing through measuring  Taylor and his colleagues research examined consumer reactions to the use of a Christian religious symbol (the Christian fish symbol: Ichthus) in advertising by running two experiments. Their controversial findings revealed that consumers have varied reactions to Christian messages in the secular marketplace and that responses depend on their religiosity levels. The results of their follow-up field experiment with adult consumers indicated a significant Christian symbol by evangelical religiosity interaction on perceived quality and purchase intentions such that the Christian symbol enhanced consum er evaluations and the effects were stronger as evangelical religiosity increased. They have also found that consumer source perceptions of the marketer in terms of attitude similarity, trustworthiness, expertise, and skepticism mediated these interaction effects. But their second study which was a lab experiment conducted with young adults revealed an unusual backlash effect of the Christian symbol on purchase intentions for some consumers and contrasting mediation results (Taylor, et al., 2010). In another study to investigate consumers responses to ads with religious cues Henley et. al (2009) examined the effects of Christian cues or symbols on relevant and irrelevant symbol product ad evaluations. The study indicates that religiosity of the respondent has a significant moderating impact on the evaluation of an ad (Aad, Ab, and PI) that has a relevant Christian symbol Moreover, and possibly most significantly, the interaction effect between relevancy and  religiosity indicate that this interplay combines to significantly affect the diagnostic efficacy of the ad including attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intentions for higher religiosity respondents under relevant conditions (Henley Jr, et al., 2009). The finding of this research corroborates Dotson and Hyatts (2000) findings. Dotson and Hyatt (2000) specifically studied the use of religious symbols as peripheral cues in advertising in a replication of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). In ads for pet health insurance, the authors manipulated argument strength and the presence or absence of the Christian cross as a peripheral cue. Product category involvement and level of religious dogmatism were found to be related to attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention, however, not in the expected directions. Low involvement subjects who were high in religious dogmatism had a less favorable attitude toward the brand and lower purchase intention when exposed to ads containing the cross. High involvement subjects who were also highly dogmatic had more favorable feelings toward the product when the cross was present in the ads. ELM suggests that the low involvement subjects would have responded more favorably  to the cue (Dotson Hyatt, 2000). P 2 Existing studies of advertising suggest that cultural values either influence the production and execution of advertising or are reflected in the content itself (Chang, et al., 2009). religious rooted aspect of culture directly or indirectly influence attitudes and behavior Islamic values and Advertising Rice/almousavi/lughmani/karandi/olayyen/malezi/keenan ramazan/ Muslims consider Islam to be a complete way of life (Kavoossi 2000, Lawrence 1998). Indeed, one of the characteristics that distinguish Muslims from followers of some other faiths is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of the Muslims life (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). The Sharia is a comprehensive code governing the duties, morals and behavior of all Muslims, individually, and collectively in all areas of life, including marketing and commerce (Luqmani, Yavas and Quraeshi, 1987). It completely describes the values that Muslims should hold, such as truth, justice, honesty, social obligations, collective responsibility and the roles of men and women (Al-Olayan Karande, 2000). It is beyond the scope and scale of this study to discuss the whole characteristics of Islamic values. But we refer to some of which implies more attention in advertising industry. According to Islamic social philosophy all spiritual, social, political, and economic spheres of life form an indivisible unity that must be thoroughly imbued with Islamic values. This principle informs such concepts as Islamic law and the Islamic state and accounts for Islams strong emphasis on social life and social duties (Fam, et al., 2004). The Islamic law, Sharia, which sets all that one should do, derives from four main resources of Islamic teaching. These resources are Koran (Muslims holy book which is Gods wording), Sunnah (the divinely inspired conduct of the Prophet Mohammad), Aghl (reasoning), and Ijma (consensus of opinion) (Coulson, 1964, p. 55-59).(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000). Islam has not addressed many of modern phenomena such as marketing and advertising explicitly, but its comprehensive value system explicates should and shouldnt which consequently influences advertising content, execution and evaluation. In an attempt to relate basic Islamic values to advertising implications Rice and Al-Mousavi (2002) elucidated these values and their advertising implication. Some of these values which Muslims should follow are truth, honesty, politeness and social and collective obligations and responsibilities. Muslims should keep away from falsehood and deception everywhere in general and in trade and financial dealings with others in specific. They could not tell a lie and should avoid exaggeration. This suggests that advertisers should strive for excellence as an end in itself, in addition to communicating truthfully about products and services (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002).Therefore Muslims process exaggerated messages in advertising as lie which intends to mislead them. Muslim activities are categorized as lawful (halal) and prohibited (haram) (Rice and Al-Mousavi, 2002) which constitute a system of values for assessing others speaking and behavior as well. Eating pork ,carrion, and carnivorous animals , gambling, drinking alcohol, nudity and idol worship (statutes inclusive) are prohibited (Chachu a, Kucharski, Luba, Ma achowska, Martinovski). Advertisements which portray some of these prohibited elements make people feel offended or be perceived as offensive. advertisement that ignore these implications will not be effective and have the adverse affect on the sale (Michell and Al-Mossawi, 1995). Regarding the globalized hegemonic content and form of advertisements which was somehow contrasting with Islamic values, Muslims tend to the negative evaluation of advertising. Research in Saudi Arabia has shown that over 70% of Muslim respondents think that advertising is a threat to culture of Islam (Al-Makaty et al., 1996). (Keenan Shoreh, 2000). In a global survey of attitudes towards advertising in 22 countries, conducted by the International Advertising Association in 1993,results indicated that: Egypt was the only market where respondents were consistently anti-advertising (Wentz, 1993, p 1, cited at Keenan Shoreh, 2000). Keenan and Shoreh (2000) conducted a research which shows that Muslims think that advertisements present western values and ignore Arab history and customs. Their investigation into the Egyptian main media (Al-Ahram) content in the period of 1975 to 1995 revealed that around 50 percent of items focusing on advertising had a negative, anti- advertising tone (Keenan Shoreh, 2000). According to Fam et.al (2004), Muslims found the advertising of gender/sex related products, social/political groups, and health and care products most offensive relative to the other three religions. Moreover, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the less devout follower. (Fam, et.al, 2004). To overcome this shortfall, in addititon to further consideration of Islamic values, some advertisers utilized Islamic elements to produce a favorable feeling among Muslims. For example some advertisement utilized Quranic words to enhance the influence of the ad and make it more appealing to Muslim consumers. Examples are the words Bismillah (in the name  of God; a phrase used by Muslims before beginning any action) or Allahu akbar (literally, God is greater)(Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). Luqmani et al. (1989) provide an example of a manufacturer of water pumps that uses a verse from the Quran in advertising: We made every living thing from water. In another example a distributor of Royal Regina honey capsules in Saudi Arabia successfully ran a contest that included a question on how many times bees are mentioned in the Quran, along with questions and information about the product (Luqmani, Yavas, Quraeshi, 1993). His work gives an evidence of the influence of Islam in advertising Authors also have reckoned that the most important Muslims religion characteristic is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of live. This influence is fortified in some special time like Ramadan; the fasting month of Muslims. The month of Ramadan is the holiest time of the year in Islam. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the frameworks of Muslim life, along with faith in one God, prayer from the Koran five times daily, charity for those in need, and making the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. It entails a list of prohibitions between the hours  of sunrise and sunset. Beyond the fasting that is central to Ramadan, the entire month is a period of increased spirituality and religious contemplation for Muslims. As a result , this empowered spirituality affects the whole sphere of Muslims life including their consuming behavior and marketing communication. Keenan and Yeni (2003) compared ads run during Ramadan and those run during a non-Ramadan period in Egypt. Findings s how fewer ads during Ramadan, more emphasis on charity messages during Ramadan, and more conservatively dressed characters in ads during Ramadan. According to Keenan and Yeni (2003) advertisers intentionally tone down the way they present women in their commercials. This might be interpreted as a form of respect for the Islamic principles and values of Ramadan (Keenan Yeni, 2003). Representation of Hijab in advertisements In the symbolic space of communication, identities have to be constructed through language and pictures and cultural symbols of identity such as the hijab take on enormous significance (cf.Dholakia and Zwick, 2001; Schau and Gilly, 2003). Relogious symbols, notabely, take on a sacredness that gives them a very strong presence and power in many peoples daily lives. The wearing of religious dress and symbols is an important expression of an individuals religious identity. It may reflect the wearers understanding of the requirements prescribed in their tradition or their belief that wearing this form of dress or these symbols as a mark of their religious commitment helps to enhance their spiritual life. It may also reflect a desire publicly to affirm the identity to which these are linked. This interpretation and affiliation might emerge in information processing among Muslims when they encounter a message carrying this religious symbol. Hijab as a symbolic expression of Muslims clearly symbolizes a womans religious affiliation; it also shapes Muslim womens independent identities standards (Macdonaldi, 2006). Hijab , further to religious identification, functions to perform a behavior check, resist sexual objectification, afford more respect, preserve intimate relationships, and provide freedom (Anderson, 2007). According to Bullock (2000) Muslim women in west who cover their head, see hijab as a way of projecting a Muslim identity and refuting an imitation of the west. Frances controversial new law banning the overt display of religious symbols in school, directed at the wearing of the hijab, brings to the forefront the enormous contemporary significance of the veil as a historically and culturally constructed symbol of female Islamic identity (Zwick Chelariu, 2006). Westerners often regard the hijab as a symbol of backward cultural and gender politics and even fundamentalist extremism (Brenner, 1996)(Zwick Chelariu, 2006), but the practice of hijab among Muslim women is based on religious doctrine. Islam stresses that women should dress modestly and encourages women not to show too much of their bodies in public. Surat Al-Noor-Aih-31 in The Koran, the Muslims holy book addressed the issue of womens modesty by stating: And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what ordinarily appear thereof that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers (kaliny, 2008). Scholars have interpreted this Koran passage differently, but most scholars take this message to mean that women may show only their hands and face to men outside of their immediate family (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). The guidelines provided in the Koran might not be strictly followed in the contemporary Muslim countries. A range of practices exists among Muslims regarding the times and places -ranging from prayer only to all the time that women are expected to be veiled. This different perception influenced advertising industry among Muslims world. While in Saudi Arabia and Iran it is forbidden to show other than the above-mentioned body parts, in Dubai in United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Egypt, the most liberal outdoor advertising is presented in the European version (Karande and Kiran, 2000). In a content analysis of pan-Arab, Egyptian, Lebanese and Emirati magazine advertisements, Al- Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in 83 percent of Arabic advertisements showing women, they were wearing long clothing, compared to 29 per cent in US advertisements. Furthermore ,Arabic advertisements show women in advertisement if their presence relates directly to the product and if they are appropriately dressed, that is, wearing long dresses and a head covering that does not expose any hair (Al-Makaty et al. 1996). Luqmani et al. (1989) describe how, in Saudi Arabia, advertisers of cosmetics refrain from picturing sensous females. Instead, in typical advertisements (an example is the Dove cleansing bar), a pleasant-looking woman appears in a robe and headdress with only her face showing. In Malaysia, Islam also exerts great influence on advertising regulation. The Islamic principle of covering the aurat (i.e., private body parts) for women and the prohibition of using women as sex symbols in advertising are strictly enforced (Wah, 2006). For instance, the Malaysian advertising code stipulates that female models portrayed in advertising must be fully clothed up to the neckline. The length of the skirt should be below the knees. The arms may be exposed up to the edge of the shoulder without exposing the underarms (Advertising Code forTelevision and Radio, 1990).

Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers

Giving Universities the Business "The business of America is business." Calvin Coolidge "To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar." Samuel Johnson In the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the university's need to open up "new markets," to learn new ways to "compete" and create new "customer bases"; simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our "productivity" and "accountability." (1) Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms: the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are "drying up," and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money "customers" will only spend for a "product" they have been convinced they either want or need; and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of "business" which usually go something like "a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations." Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume "profit" can only be achieved through activitie s practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching: "... [the] culprit is 'process'--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about." Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy: Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992. 3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures. 4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimore's recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI. 5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a "deal"? Giving Universities the Business Essay -- essays papers Giving Universities the Business "The business of America is business." Calvin Coolidge "To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar." Samuel Johnson In the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the university's need to open up "new markets," to learn new ways to "compete" and create new "customer bases"; simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our "productivity" and "accountability." (1) Justifications for this evangelical urge are various, but usually take one of two forms: the Times Are Tough argument, which assumes that the traditional sources of university revenues (tuition and public funds) are "drying up," and that the logical substitute are Product Dollars, i.e., money "customers" will only spend for a "product" they have been convinced they either want or need; and the Schools Are Lazy argument, which assumes that universities are islands of idleness and inefficiency in the ocean of American business success, and that the missionaries from the business world can redeem our scholars by converting them to habits of rigor and accountability. Both of these models take their inspiration from the definitions of "business" which usually go something like "a commercial or industrial establishment where the demands of profit rule all other considerations." Interestingly enough, this and related definitions seem to assume "profit" can only be achieved through activitie s practical,... ...orgotten all about teaching: "... [the] culprit is 'process'--the belief that we can teach our children how to think without troubling them to learn anything worth thinking about." Quoted in Cultural Pedagogy: Art/Education/Politics, David Trend, Bergin & Garvey, New York, 1992. 3 As I know this figure will be greeted by some with skepticism,a more detailed breakdown of the average academic work week is available in the WWW document Work Load Figures. 4 Though it may finally be dawning on some that business does not equal efficiency and success when it comes to education, as with Baltimore's recent decision to terminate its contract with EAI. 5 For instance, the recent reorganization of GEDs was a perfect opportunity to negotiate a matching reduction in teaching load, from 4/4 to the much saner (and standard) 3/3. Was a single word spoken about such a "deal"?